Petites Prières of Renée de France
Stolen from Montecassino Abbey in 1994 and still unrecovered today: the beautiful prayer booklet of Renée de France, lovingly embellished with gold-decorated miniatures and floral borders on every page.
The enchanting Petites Prières of Renée de France was created around 1517 for the younger sister of the French queen Claude de France (1499–1524) by the renowned illuminator named after the bibliophile queen, the Master of Claude de France. It is undoubtedly one of the most magnificent prayer books of the French Renaissance and is particularly impressive for its outstanding book decoration. Astonishingly naturalistic depictions of flowers of all kinds transform the pages of the work into a true sea of flowers. The ornate bouquets often look as if real flowers were lying on the parchment pages of the manuscript. They frame both text and image pages, in whose gold-decorated, artistic miniatures the owner of the codex, Renée de France (1510–1574), is depicted no less than five times. After the manuscript miraculously survived religious wars, book burnings, and other turmoil over the centuries, it was stolen in 1994 during an exhibition at the Abbey of Montecassino and remains missing to this day.
One of France’s most beautiful illuminated manuscripts originated in Paris in 1517. It is the so-called Petites Prières of Renée de France. The stunningly beautiful small book was made for the younger sister of the French Queen Claude de France. It is one of the most valuable Renaissance books of hours and besots every beholder with its lavish book adornment. The work contains 12 full-page miniatures, richly gilded miniatures. Five of these miniature depict Renée, the owner of the work, herself. All the pages of text are adorned with the most finely colored and gilded floral embellishments. 112 painted and gilded initials parse the text of the prayer book.
The Sister of the Queen
Renée de France was the youngest daughter of King Louis XII and his wife, Anne de Bretagne. While her older sister Claude became Queen of France through her marriage with Francois I, Renée became the Duchess of Ferrara as a result of her 1534 wedding with Ercole II d’Este, the son of Lucretia Borgia. She took her Petites Prières with her to the court of Ferrara, where it is supposed to have served her religious education. During the religious wars of the 16th century, Renée saved the lives of several Calvinists, and the court of Ferrara became a refuge for protestant scholars, including Clémont Marot and John Calvin. Her sympathy with Protestantism lead to a break with her husband, who had conducted the inquisition in Ferrara as part of the Counter-Reformation since 1545. Only a very few manuscripts, which were considered to be Catholic, were saved. Among these was the enchanting Petites Prières.
The Mysterious History of the Codex
The Master of Claude de France was most likely responsible for the design of the precious prayer book. This court artist already completed some codices for the young Queen Claude that are famous worldwide to this day. Due to the similarities between the miniatures of the Petites Prières and those of the Primer of Claude de France, it is assumed that both came from the same artist. As the book’s owner Renée left Ferrara and returned to France in 1560 after the death of her husband, she had to leave the prayer book in Italy for reasons that are unclear to this day. It remained in safe-keeping in the Biblioteca Estense until the first years of the 18th century. At that time the manuscript disappeared in a secretive and unclarified manner, only to reappear in 1780 under mysterious circumstances. It found itself in the Biblioteca d’Este until 1994. In this year, the work was presented in an exhibition in the Abbey of Montecassino, where it fell victim to a still unexplained art theft. The original of the Petites Prières of Renée de France remains missing to this day.
Codicology
Alternative Titles
Book of Hours of Renée de France
Libro d’Ore di Renata di Francia
Blumengebetbuch der Renée de France
Libro di Preghiere di Renata di Francia
Type
Size / Format
52 pages / 12.2 × 8.8 cm
Origin
France
Date
Ca. 1517
Epochs
Late Middle Ages Onwards
Style
Renaissance
Genre
Private Devotion Books
Language
Latin
Script
Humanistic minuscule
Illustrations
12 miniatures, some of which are full-page, and 112 champie initials, as well as ornate borders and gold decorations on all pages
Content
Prayers for private devotion
Patron
Renée de France (1510–74)
Artist / School
Master of Claude de France
