{"id":2674,"date":"2015-12-09T15:02:31","date_gmt":"2015-12-09T22:02:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/?page_id=2674"},"modified":"2023-01-30T19:35:45","modified_gmt":"2023-01-30T19:35:45","slug":"thmo-5290-bioethics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/courses-spring-2023\/thmo-5290-bioethics\/","title":{"rendered":"TH-MO-2205 Bioethics"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; top_padding=&#8221;5%&#8221; constrain_group_1=&#8221;yes&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;5%&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<h2 class=\"entry-title\">TH-MO-2205 Bioethics<\/h2>\n<h4>Click here for the <a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/2023-S-Syllabus-TH-MO-2205-Bioethics.pdf\">Course Syllabus<\/a>.<\/h4>\n[\/vc_column_text][divider line_type=&#8221;No Line&#8221; custom_height=&#8221;30px&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Books to Buy<\/h3>\n<p>Students are not required to buy these texts, but they are responsible for having a copy for their sole use during the course. The Library provides a book exchange for students to pass on books they no longer need to other students, and is\u00a0located\u00a0in the library office. Please consider donating gently used textbooks. Identify any book to be dropped off for the swap so that they can be marked. Donation to the swap is not necessary to take books from it.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Catholic-Bioethics-Gift-Human-Life\/dp\/1612787029\">Catholic Bioethics and the Gift of Human Life<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Recommended Texts<\/h3>\n<p>Recommended texts are those from which not enough reading assignments are drawn to warrant asking students to provide their own copies or those that instructors think will enhance a student\u2019s appreciation of the subject matter of the course. Any reading assignments drawn from these texts will be available on reserve.<\/p>\n<h3>Electronic Reserve<\/h3>\n<p>Below are links to required or recommended texts available in an electronic format. For physical reserve items, please refer to the course syllabus.<\/p>\n<p>United States Catholic Conference of Bishops, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.usccb.org\/issues-and-action\/human-life-and-dignity\/health-care\/upload\/Ethical-Religious-Directives-Catholic-Health-Care-Services-fifth-edition-2009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethical &amp; Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services<\/a>, 5th ed. (2009)<br \/>\nJohn Paul II, <a href=\"http:\/\/w2.vatican.va\/content\/john-paul-ii\/en\/encyclicals\/documents\/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evangelium vitae<\/a> (The Gospel of Life) (1995)<br \/>\nJohn Paul II, \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/w2.vatican.va\/content\/john-paul-ii\/en\/speeches\/2004\/march\/documents\/hf_jp-ii_spe_20040320_congress-fiamc.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Life-Sustaining Treatments and the Vegetative State: Scientific Advances and Ethical Dilemmas<\/a>\u201d (2004) (On the \u201cVegetative State\u201d)<br \/>\nJohn Paul II, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/JPII-Address-to-18-Congress-of-Transplant-Society.pdf\">Address to the 18th Congress of the Transplant Society<\/a>,\u201d August 29, 2000, in National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 1.1 (Spring 2001) 89-92.<br \/>\nCDF documents:<br \/>\n(a) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20081208_dignitas-personae_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dignitas Personae<\/a> (On Certain Bioethical Questions) (2008)<br \/>\n(b) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19870222_respect-for-human-life_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Donum vitae<\/a> (Instruction on Respect for Human Life&#8230;) (1987).<br \/>\n(c) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19741118_declaration-abortion_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Declaration on Procured Abortion<\/a> (1974).<br \/>\n(d) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19800505_euthanasia_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Declaration on Euthanasia<\/a> (1981).<br \/>\n(e) \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070801_risposte-usa_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Responses to Certain Questions of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops Concerning Artificial Nutrition and Hydration<\/a>\u201d and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/CDFs-Own-Commentary-Ethics-and-Medics-November-2007.pdf\">CDF\u2019s Own Commentary<\/a>\u201d and \u201cBrief Comments \u2026,\u201d Ethics &amp; Medics, vol. 32, no. 11 (November 2007), 1-4; avail. at W. May, Catholic Bioethics (3rd ed), <a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Responses-to-Certain-Questions-in-May-Catholic-Bioethics.pdf\">279-285<\/a>.<br \/>\nPontifical Academy for Life, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/pontifical_academies\/acdlife\/documents\/rc_pa_acdlife_doc_20000824_cellule-staminali_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Uses of Human Embryonic Stem Cells<\/a> (August 25, 2000)<br \/>\nPontifical Academy for Life, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/pontifical_academies\/acdlife\/documents\/rc_pa_acdlife_doc_20001031_pillola-giorno-dopo_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Statement on the So-Called \u201cMorning-After Pill\u201d<\/a> (Oct. 2000).<br \/>\nPontifical Academy for Life, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.immunize.org\/concerns\/vaticandocument.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moral Reflections on Vaccines Prepared from Cells Derived from Aborted Human Fetuses<\/a> (2005)<br \/>\nGermain Grisez, Difficult Moral Questions (Franciscan Press, 1997), <a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Appendix-2-Formal-and-material-cooperation-in-others-wrongdoing-Grisez.pdf\">Appendix 2, 871-897<\/a>.<br \/>\nMaureen Condic, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/When-does-life-begin-by-Condic.pdf\">When Does Human Life Begin? A Scientific Perspective<\/a>,\u201d Westchester Institute, 1-12.<br \/>\nGermain Grisez, \u201cWhen do People Begin?\u201d in Abortion: A New Generation of Catholic Responses (The Pope John Center, 1992), pp. 3-27.<br \/>\nNicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, O.P., \u201cOn Static Eggs and Dynamic Embryos: A Systems Perspective,\u201d National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 2.4 (Winter 2002), 659-683.<br \/>\nMaureen L. Condic, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Comprehensive-Primer-on-Stem-Cells.pdf\">A Comprehensive Primer on Stem Cells: Reviewing the Science and the Ethics<\/a>,\u201d Ethics &amp; Medics, vol. 34, no. 8 (Aug. 2009).<br \/>\nE. Christian Brugger, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Stem-Cell-Research.pdf\">Stem Cell Research<\/a>,\u201d in Catholic Health Care Ethics, ed. Edward J. Furton (National Catholic Bioethics Center, 2009), ch. 6, pp. 80-85.<br \/>\nJohn Morris, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Good-News-of-Adult-Stem-Cell-Research-by-John-Morris.pdf\">The Good News of Adult Stem Cell Research<\/a>,\u201d in Life and Learning XVII: Proceedings of the Seventeenth University Faculty for Life Conference (2007), ed. Joseph Koterski, S.J. (Washington, D.C.: University Faculty for Life, 2008), 307-324.<br \/>\nE. Christian Brugger, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Defense-by-Analogy-of-Heterologous-by-Brugger.pdf\">A Defense by Analogy of Heterologous Embryo Transfer<\/a>,\u201d in Human Embryo Adoption: Biotechnology, Marriage, and the Right to Life, eds. Thomas Berg and Edward Furton (National Catholic Bioethics Center, 2006), 197-228.<br \/>\nJohn Finnis, Luke Gormally, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Symposium-on-Dignitas-personae.pdf\">Symposium on Dignitas Personae<\/a>,\u201d National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, Summer 2009.<br \/>\nG. Grisez, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/May-a-researcher-use-tissue-from-deliberately-aborted-fetuses-by-Grisez.pdf\">May a researcher use tissues from deliberately aborted fetuses<\/a>?\u201d, Difficult Moral Questions (Quincy, IL: Franciscan Press, 1997), 385-388.<br \/>\nG. Grisez, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/May-a-person-work-for-an-organization-that-funds-research-using-fetal-tissue-by-Grisez.pdf\">May a person work for an organization that funds research using fetal tissue<\/a>?\u201d, Difficult Moral Questions (Quincy, IL: Franciscan Press, 1997), 388-390.<br \/>\nLeon Kass, M.D., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Meaning-of-Life-in-the-Laboratory.pdf\">Meaning of Life in the Laboratory<\/a>,\u201d from Life, Liberty and the Defense of Dignity: The Challenge for Bioethics (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002), pp. 81-117.<br \/>\nAlberto Giubilini &amp; Francesca Minerva, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/After-Birth-Abortion-by-Giubilini-and-Minerva.pdf\">After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?<\/a>\u201d Journal of Medical Ethics, May 2013 (39), 261-263.<br \/>\nMichael Tooley, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Philosophy-critical-thinking-after-by-Tooley.pdf\">Philosophy, critical thinking and \u2018after-birth abortion: why should the baby live?\u2019<\/a>\u201d, J Med Ethics, 2013 (39), 266-272.<br \/>\nJohn Finnis, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Capacity-harm-experience-by-Finnis.pdf\">Capacity, harm and experience in the life of persons as equals<\/a>\u201d, J Med Ethics, 2013 (39), 281-83.<br \/>\nRobert P George, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Infanticide-and-Madness-by-R-George.pdf\">Infanticide and madness<\/a>\u201d, J Med Ethics 2013 (39), 299-301.<br \/>\nGrisez, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/How-should-a-physician-advise-possible-carriers-of-genetic-diseases-by-Grisez.pdf\">How should a physician advise possible carriers of genetic diseases?<\/a>\u201d, Difficult Moral Questions (Quincy, IL: Franciscan Press, 1997), 298-305<br \/>\nChristopher Kaczor (No) and Gerald Gleeson (Yes), \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Medical-Mgmt-of-Ectopic-Pregnancy.pdf\">Is the \u2018medical management\u2019 of ectopic pregnancy by the administration of methotrexate morally acceptable?<\/a>\u201d from Issues for a Catholic Bioethics, pp. 353-370.<br \/>\nAlbert S. Moraczewski, O.P., &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Arguments-against-Salpingostomy-and-Methotrexate.pdf\">Arguments in Favor of Salpingostomy and Methotrexate<\/a>,\u201d in Catholic Health Care Ethics, ed. E. J. Furton (NCBC, 2009), ch. 10, pp. 121-123.<br \/>\nG. Grisez, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/What-should-a-woman-do-about-the-possibility-of-being-raped-by-Grisez.pdf\">What should a woman do about the possibility of being raped?<\/a>\u201d Difficult Moral Questions (Quincy, IL: Franciscan Press, 1997), 86-94<br \/>\nThomas V. Berg, Marie T. Hilliard, Mark F. Stegman, \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/bdfund.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/westchester_whitepaper_ec_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emergency Contraceptives &amp; Catholic Healthcare: A New Look at the Science and the Moral Question<\/a>,\u201d The Westchester Institute for Ethics and the Human Person: White Paper, vol. 2, no. 1 (June 2011), 1-30.<br \/>\nNicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Is-Plan-B-an-Abortifacient.pdf\">Is Plan B an Abortifacient? A Critical Look at the Scientific Evidence<\/a>,\u201d The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Winter 2007), 703 \u2013 707<br \/>\nP. Yeung, E. Laetham and J. Tham, L.C., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Arguments-against-the-Use-of-Levonorgestrel-in-Cases-of-Sexual-Assaut.pdf\">Argument Against the Use of Levonorgestrel in Cases of Sexual Assault<\/a>,\u201d in Catholic Health Care Ethics, ed. Edward J. Furton (NCBC, 2009), ch. 143-150; read also Peter Cataldo\u2019s rebuttal, pp. 150-153 (rebuttal included in attached link).<br \/>\nC. Kahlenborn, J. Stanford and W. Larimore, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Postfertilization-Effect-of-Hormonal-Emergency-Contraception.pdf\">Postfertilization Effect of Hormonal Emergency Contraception<\/a>,\u201d The Annals of Pharmacology 36 (March 2002), 465-470.<br \/>\nRon Hamel, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Rape-and-Emergency-Contraception.pdf\">Rape and Emergency Contraception<\/a>,\u201d Ethics &amp; Medics, vol. 28, no. 6 (June 2003).<br \/>\nKevin T. McMahon, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Why-Fear-Ovulation-Testing.pdf\">Why Fear Ovulation Testing?<\/a>\u201d Ethics &amp; Medics, vol. 28, no. 6 (June 2003)<br \/>\nPeter Ryan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Symposium-on-Dignitas-personae.pdf\">Symposium on Dignitas Personae<\/a>,\u201d National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, Summer 2009.<br \/>\nWesley J. Smith, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/lozierinstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/American-Reports-Series-Assisted-Suicide-Is-Not-Compassion-WSmith-April-20151.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assisted Suicide Is Not Compassion<\/a>\u201d, Charlotte Lozier Institute: American Reports Series, no. 9 (April 2015), 3-13<br \/>\nJohn Keown, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Ten-Arguments-for-Decriminalization-in-Debating-Euthanasia-by-John-Keown.pdf\">Ten Arguments for Decriminalization, in Debating Euthanasia<\/a>,\u201d in Debating Euthanasia, by Emily Jackson and John Keown (Oxford: Hart, 2012), 87-138.<br \/>\nRichard M. Doerflinger, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/JPII-on-the-Vegetative-State-by-Doerflinger.pdf\">John Paul II on the \u2018Vegetative State,\u2019<\/a>\u201d in Artificial Nutrition and Hydration and the Permanently Unconscious Patient: The Catholic Debate, ed. Ronald Hamel and James Walter (Georgetown University Press, 2007), pp. 209-213.<br \/>\nKevin O\u2019Rourke, O.P., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/On-the-Care-of-Vegetative-Patients.pdf\">On the Care of \u2018Vegetative\u2019 Patients<\/a>,\u201d Parts One and Two, Ethics &amp; Medics 24.4-5 (April-May, 1999), pp. 3-4, 3.<br \/>\nKevin O\u2019Rourke, O.P., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Reflections-on-the-Papal-Allocution-by-ORourke.pdf\">Reflections on the Papal Allocution Concerning Care for Persistent Vegetative State Patients<\/a>,\u201d in The Catholic Debate (Georgetown University Press, 2007), pp. 237-253.<br \/>\nE. Christian Brugger (with Fourteen Catholic Ethicists), \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Reply-to-the-Jesuit-Consortium.pdf\">Reply to the Jesuit Consortium<\/a>,\u201d Ethics &amp; Medics, vol. 34, no. 6 (June 2009), pp. 3-6<br \/>\nHeidi Ledford, \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/crispr-the-disruptor-1.17673\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR, the disruptor<\/a>,\u201d Nature, June 3, 2015<br \/>\nBrugger, \u201cThe Duties of Dying Christians,\u201d Draft<br \/>\nCatholic Medical Association, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/White-Paper-POLST-Paradigm-by-CMA.pdf\">White Paper: The POLST paradigm and form: Facts and analysis<\/a>,\u201d The Linacre Quarterly, vol. 80, no. 2 (2013), 103\u2013138<br \/>\nD. Alan Shewmon, M.D., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Brain-and-Somatic-Integration-by-Shewmon.pdf\">The Brain and Somatic Integration: Insights into the Standard Biological Rationale for Equating \u2018Brain Death\u2019 with Death<\/a>,\u201d in Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, vol. 26, no. 5 (2001), pp. 457-478.<br \/>\nE. Christian Brugger, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Are-Brain-Dead-Individuals-Dead-Grounds-for-Reasonable-Doubt-by-Christian-Brugger.pdf\" rel=\"\">Are Brain Dead Individuals Dead? Grounds for Reasonable Doubt<\/a>\u201d, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1-29, Advance Access published April 13, 2016; doi:10.1093\/jmp\/jhw003<br \/>\nMaureen L. Condic, \u201cDetermination of Death: A scientific perspective on biological integration\u201d (unpublished draft)<br \/>\nJulian Huxley, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Transhumanism-by-Julian-Huxley.pdf\">Transhumanism<\/a>,\u201d Journal of Humanistic Psychology (Spring 1968) 8: 73-76.<br \/>\nNick Bostrom, \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nickbostrom.com\/old\/transhumanism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is transhumanism?<\/a>\u201d Philosophy Papers (2001)<br \/>\nNick Bostrom, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Transhumanist-Values-by-Nick-Bostrom.pdf\">Transhumanist Values<\/a>,\u201d Journal of Philosophical Research 30 (Supplement) (2005), 3-14<br \/>\nNick Bostrom, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Human-Genetic-Enhancements-A-Transhumanist-Perspective-by-Nick-Bostrom.pdf\">Human genetic enhancements: A transhumanist perspective<\/a>,\u201d\u00a0Journal of Value Inquiry 37 (4) (2003), 493-506<br \/>\nFrancis Fukuyama, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Transhumanism-by-Francis-Fukuyama.pdf\">Transhumanism<\/a>,\u201d Foreign Policy, Oct. 23, 2009.<br \/>\nIngmar Persson and Julian Savulescu, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Moral-Transhumanism-by-Ingmar-Persson-Julian-Savulescu.pdf\">Moral Transhumanism<\/a>,\u201d Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (2010) 35 (6): 656-669<br \/>\nTom Koch, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sjvdenver.edu\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/01\/Enhancing-Who-Enhancing-What-Ethics-Bioethics-Transhumanism-by-Tom-Koch.pdf\">Enhancing Who? Enhancing What? Ethics, Bioethics, and Transhumanism<\/a>,\u201d Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (2010) 35 (6): 685-699[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; top_padding=&#8221;5%&#8221; constrain_group_1=&#8221;yes&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;5%&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; 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